Sweden (SE) – INQ260 Globalization & Global Politics

Introduction:

Sverige, better known to us Americans as Sweden, is the fifth largest country in Europe. It has a population of 10.35 million people as of 2020. It is located in Northern Europe on the Scandinavian Peninsula. The languages spoken in Sweden is Swedish, however you have people who also speak English. Out of the almost 10.5 million people populating Sweden, 9.2 million of them speak English as either a first or second language! The most common religion that people identify as in Sweden is Lutheran, about 60%. Some are other religions where others do not identify all together.

Trade – Madison Wingerter

In order to look at trade, we are going to be looking at trade as percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). We will be graphing total trade, import trade, and export trade all as percentage of GDP relating to Sweden. The graphs shown below are from the last fifteen years, 2007 – 2021. The information was collected using the World Development Indicators found on the World Bank’s Databank.

This is the overall trade percentage of GDP in Sweden over a span of fifteen years (2007 – 2021). Highest in 2008. Lowest in 2013.

Overall imports of goods and services measured by percentage of GDP in Sweden over a span of fifteen years (2007 – 2021). Highest 2008. Lowest 2009.

Overall exports of goods and services measured by percentage of GDP in Sweden over a span of fifteen years (2007 – 2021). Highest in 2008. Lowest 2013.

Internet Access– Clare McCurley

Sweden has had a pretty standard amount of internet access for a while, especially in the last 15 years. First, we looked at the % of the population that has access to internet. You see that the percent holds around 90% the whole 15 years but for the most part has a positive increase and only has a few very small decreases before going back up. There was no data for 2021 so that explains the very large decrease at the end of the graph. We also looked at the amount of secure internet servers and also compared it to every 1 million people. For both of these topics there is a very positive increase from 2010-2020 (the only data that was available). The trend holds pretty steady from 2010-2016 and then has a large increase in 2017 and then held steady again till 2020. After that we don’t have any more data available. https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators

Participation in International Agreements – Madison Wingerter

International Agreements

Sweden is a part of the European Union (EU). This means that it cannot make decisions based on or around trade agreements but, Sweden can/does have an “active role” in the nonstop negotiations being made by the European Union. All of the countries included in the European Union are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Republic of Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden.

https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/sweden-trade-agreements

https://www.gov.uk/eu-eea#:~:text=The%20EU%20countries%20are%3A,%2C%20Slovenia%2C%20Spain%20and%20Sweden.

Regional Trade Agreements

(Notifications of RTAs: goods, services, and accessions are counted separately)

In this graph, it is showing Swedens overall Evolution of RTAs. This graph goes all the way from 1948 to now, however, we are going to focus on the previous fifteen years, 2007-2021. Cumulative number of RTAs in force, cumulative notifications of RTAs in force, and cumulative notifications of RTAs in force and inactive RTAs all increased as the years progressed. Good notifications and service notifications were highest in 2014. Accessions to an RTA were highest in 2008 and 2016.

Bilateral Investment Treaties

Party	Signature Date	Entry Into Force Data	Reference to ICSID
Albania	Mar 31, 1995	Apr 01, 1996	Yes
Algeria	Feb 15, 2003	Apr 01, 2005	Yes
Argentina	Nov 22, 1991	Sep 28, 1992	Yes
Armenia	Feb 08, 2006		No
Belarus	Dec 20, 1994	Nov 01, 1996	Yes
Bolivia	Sep 20, 1990	Jul 03, 1992	No
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Oct 31, 2000	Jan 01, 2002	Yes
Bulgaria	Apr 19, 1994	Apr 01, 1995	No
Chile	May 24, 1993	Feb 13, 1996	Yes
China	Sep 27, 2004	Sep 27, 2004	yes
China	Mar 29, 1982	Mar 29, 1982	No
Croatia	Nov 23, 2000	Aug 01, 2002	Yes
Czechia	Nov 13, 1990	Sep 23, 1991	Yes
Côte d’Ivoire	Aug 27, 1965	Nov 03, 1966	No
Ecuador	May 31, 2001	Mar 01, 2002	Yes
Egypt, Arab Republic of	Jul 15, 1978	Jan 29, 1979	Yes
Estonia	Mar 31, 1992	May 20, 1992	Yes
Ethiopia	Dec 10, 2004	Aug 01, 2005	No
Georgia	Oct 30, 2008	Apr 01, 2009	No
Guatemala	Feb 12, 2004	Jul 01, 2005	Yes
Hong Kong	May 27, 1994	Jun 26, 1994	No
Hungary	Apr 21, 1987	Apr 21, 1987	Yes
India	Jul 04, 2000	Apr 01, 2001	Yes
Indonesia	Sep 17, 1992	Feb 18, 1993	Yes
Iran, Islamic Republic of	Sep 05, 2005	Mar 02, 2008	Yes
Kazakhstan	Oct 25, 2004	Aug 01, 2006	Yes
Korea, Republic of	Aug 30, 1995	Jun 18, 1997	Yes
Kuwait	Nov 07, 1999	May 10, 2002	Yes
Kyrgyz Republic	Mar 08, 2002	Apr 01, 2003	Yes
Lao People’s Democratic Republic	Aug 29, 1996	Jan 01, 1997	Yes
Latvia	Mar 10, 1992	Nov 06, 1992	Yes
Lebanon	Jun 15, 2001	Nov 03, 2001	Yes
Lithuania	Mar 17, 1992	Sep 01, 1992	yes
Madagascar	Apr 02, 1966	Jun 23, 1967	No
Malaysia	Mar 03, 1979	Jul 06, 1979	Yes
Malta	Aug 24, 1999	Jan 01, 2000	Yes
Mauritius	Feb 23, 2004	Jun 01, 2005	Yes
Mexico	Oct 03, 2000	Jul 01, 2001	Yes
Mongolia	Oct 20, 2003	Jun 01, 2004	Yes
Morocco	Sep 26, 1990		Yes
Mozambique	Oct 23, 2001		Yes
Nicaragua	May 27, 1999	May 01, 2003	No
Nigeria	Apr 18, 2002	Dec 01, 2006	Yes
North Macedonia	May 07, 1998	Oct 01, 1998	Yes
Oman	Jul 13, 1995	Jun 08, 1996	Yes
Pakistan	Mar 12, 1981	Jun 14, 1981	yes
Panama	Jan 15, 2008	Sep 01, 2008	Yes
Peru	May 03, 1994	Aug 01, 1994	yes
Philippines	Aug 17, 1999		Yes
Poland	Oct 13, 1989	Jan 04, 1990	No
Romania	May 29, 2002	Apr 01, 2003	Yes
Russian Federation	Apr 19, 1995	Jun 07, 1996	No
Saudi Arabia	Mar 11, 2008	Oct 01, 2009	Yes
Senegal	Feb 24, 1967	Feb 23, 1968	no
Serbia	Nov 10, 1978	Jun 03, 2006	yes
Slovak Republic	Nov 13, 1990	Sep 23, 1991	No
Slovenia	Oct 05, 1999	May 12, 2001	Yes
Slovenia	Nov 10, 1978	Nov 21, 1979	Yes
South Africa	May 25, 1998	Jan 01, 1999	yes
Sri Lanka	Apr 30, 1982	Apr 30, 1982	Yes
Tanzania	Sep 01, 1999	Mar 01, 2002	Yes
Thailand	Feb 18, 2000	Nov 23, 2000	Yes
Tunisia	Sep 15, 1984	May 13, 1985	Yes
Türkiye	Apr 11, 1997	Oct 08, 1998	Yes
Ukraine	Aug 15, 1995	Mar 01, 1997	Yes
United Arab Emirates	Nov 10, 1999	Mar 15, 2000	Yes
Uruguay	Jun 17, 1997	Dec 01, 1999	Yes
Uzbekistan	May 29, 2001	Oct 01, 2001	Yes
Venezuela, Republica Bolivariana de	Nov 25, 1996	Jan 05, 1998	Yes
Vietnam	Sep 08, 1993	Aug 02, 1994	Yes
Yemen, Republic of	Oct 29, 1983	Feb 23, 1984	Yes
Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of	Nov 10, 1978	Nov 21, 1979	Yes
Zimbabwe	Oct 06, 1997	Apr 01, 1996	yes

Immigration/ Emigration– Clare McCurley

The graphs we are looking at represent the migration patterns in Sweden in the past 15 years. Unfortunately, there is not much data available for some of these topics. We only have data for 2010 and 2015 when looking at the total stock for international migration and the international migration (% of population). International migrant stock is the number of people born in a country other than the one they live in; this also includes refugees. For the international migration stock, total we see an increase in the thousands of people from 2010 to 2015. There is also an increase in the international migration (% of population) from 2010 to 2015. We are also able to look at the net migration for the past 15 years in Sweden. The net migration is the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants, this is including citizens and non-citizens. As we can tell from the graph there hasn’t been a huge change in the net migration in the past 15 years only a slight decrease from 2007 to a little larger of a decrease starting in 2012 and continuing until 2017. https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators

Foreign Direct Investment Inflows and Outflows

Madison Courts

The Foreign Direct Investment Inflows indicator is information on the value of the inward investment made from non-resident investors within the reporting country. The Foreign Direct Investment outflows indicator is information on the value of the outward investments made by the residents of the reporting economy to external economies. Both of theses indicators are represented as percentages of GDP (size of economy) because it shows the importance of Inflow and Outflows to the country’s economy. These graphs reference data from the last 15 years, from 2007 to 2021, and were obtained from the World Development Indicators available through the World Bank’s DataBank. These graphs also include data on EU Foreign Direct Investment inflows and outflows to give a comparison between them and Sweden. The EU was selected as a point of comparison because both Sweden and the EU are developed countries.

Country	Time	Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows (% of GDP)	Foreign Direct Investment, Net Outflows (% of GDP)
Sweden	2007	9.39	11.38
Sweden	2008	8.00	6.72
Sweden	2009	2.05	6.06
Sweden	2010	0.13	4.46
Sweden	2011	1.22	4.14
Sweden	2012	0.77	3.17
Sweden	2013	0.22	4.75
Sweden	2014	-1.48	-0.65
Sweden	2015	2.03	2.95
Sweden	2016	3.03	0.25
Sweden	2017	4.54	7.36
Sweden	2018	-0.25	2.31
Sweden	2019	2.93	4.26
Sweden	2020	3.38	4.27
Sweden	2021	N/A	N/A

Historical Change in Foreign Direct Investment Outflow and Inflow represented by GDP % within the past 15 years

**Foreign Direct Investment, net inflows, % GDP (Compared to the EU)**

**Foreign Direct Investment, net outflows, % GDP (Compared to the EU)**

**Sweden’s net inflows and outflows, net USD**

Tourism – Krista DeModna

**Number of Arrivals** **Over 15 years (2007-2021)**

**Number of Departures Over 15 Years (2007-2021)**

Country	Year	Number of Arrivals	Number of Depatures
Sweden	2007	5224000	no data
Sweden	2008	4555000	no data
Sweden	2009	4899000	no data
Sweden	2010	5183000	no data
Sweden	2011	11567000	no data
Sweden	2012	12372000	no data
Sweden	2013	10980000	no data
Sweden	2014	10522000	no data
Sweden	2015	6482000	no data
Sweden	2016	6782000	no data
Sweden	2017	7054000	22121000
Sweden	2018	7440000	19939000
Sweden	2019	7616000	190610000
Sweden	2020	1957000	6081000
Sweden	2021	no data	no data

Attitudes Toward Globalization – Krista DeModna

These images show the Swedish populations views and attitudes towards different categories of globalization. Both images show data for who was for, against, neutral and didn’t know, these implications and their effects on globalization in Sweden.

Business Environment

Freedom– Madison Courts

1a. Freedom within Sweden based on their political rights and civil liberties.
https://freedomhouse.org/countries/freedom-world/scores

In terms of political rights, this country does particularly well on all terms which include electoral process, political pluralism and participation, and functioning of government

In terms of civil liberties, this country does particularly well on all terms which include freedom of expression and belief, associational and organizational rights, rule of law, personal autonomy and individual rights.

Income– Madison Courts

Income represents the country’s level of development. In this case it is measured through the indicator of GNI per Capita and Income Thresholds. GNI per Capita, stands for Gross National Income of the amount per person. GNI represents the total amount of money earned by a nation’s people and business. We can use this value to track the a nation’s wealth from year to year and includes the nation’s GDP and income that it receives from overseas sources. The first graph represents the GNI per Capita compared to the income thresholds over a span of thirty years from 1990 to 2020 and were obtained from the World Bank from classifying countries by income. The second graph represents the GNI per Capita (constant 2015 US$) and references data from the last 15 years 2007-2021, and was obtained from the World Development Indicators available through the World Bank’s DataBank.

Figure 2a. This is the GNI per Capita and Income Thresholds in Sweden and China over a span of 30 years (1990-2020).

GNI per capita (constant 2015 US$)

Year	GNI per Capita (constant 2015 US$)
2007	50,738.86
2008	50,292.66
2009	47,366.59
2010	49,820.02
2011	50,481.11
2012	49,880.68
2013	49,990.51
2014	50,767.83
2015	51,956.94
2016	52,282.95
2017	53,328.58
2018	53,573.48
2019	54,725.68
2020	53,080.26
2021	55,200.71

Table 2b. Historical Change in the country’s level of development represented by GNI per Capita within the past 15 years (2007-2021).

Market Indicators – Madison Wingerter

Market Size_{(Madison Wingerter)}

Figure 3a. The market size as indicated by Sweden’s GDP (constant 2015 US$) over a span of fifteen years (2007-2021).

Year	GDP (constant 2015 US$)
2007	449,548,772,840
2008	447,559,127,029
2009	428,135,998,219
2010	453,619,110,973
2011	468,113,753,183
2012	465,359,818,585
2013	470,887,249,502
2014	483,402,482,698
2015	505,103,781,349
2016	515,562,425,649
2017	528,801,679,620
2018	539,113,433,183
2019	549,821,281,948
2020	533,633,543,173
2021	559,251,216,852

Table 3b. Market size indicated by Sweden’s GDP (constant 2015 US$) from the years 2007-2021

Market Potential _{(Madison Wingerter)}

Figure 4a. This represents Sweden’s annual percentage of GDP growth within the last fifteen years (2007-2021).

2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
3.44	-0.45	-4.34	5.95	3.20	-0.59	1.19	2.66	4.49	2.07	2.57	1.95	1.99	-2.94	4.80

Table 4b. Showing the annual percentage of Sweden’s GDP growth over the last fifteen years (2007-2021).

Inflation, Consumer Prices _{(Madison Wingerter)}

Figure 5a. This shows Sweden’s annual percentage of inflation of consumer prices within the past fifteen years (2007-2021).

Year	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
Inflation, consumer prices (Annual %)	2.21	3.44	-0.49	1.16	2.96	0.89	-0.04	-0.18	-0.05	0.98	1.79	1.95	1.78	0.50	2.16

Table 5b. Sweden’s inflation of consumer prices as an annual percentage within the last fifteen years (2007-2021).

Control of Corruption – Krista DeModna

Definition: Control of corruption captures perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as “capture” of the state by elites and private interests. This table lists the individual variables from each data source used to construct this measure in the Worldwide Governance Indicators.

Year	Number of Sources	Governance (-2.5 to +2.5)	Percentile Rank	Standard Error
2007	9	2.23	98.54	0.17
2008	9	2.21	97.57	0.16
2009	9	2.24	99.04	0.17
2010	9	2.22	99.05	0.16
2011	10	2.17	99.58	0.15
2012	10	2.28	99.05	0.14
2013	10	2.24	98.58	0.14
2014	10	2.11	97.60	013
2015	10	2.19	98.08	0.13
2016	11	2.15	98.08	0.14
2017	11	2.14	98.08	0.13
2018	11	2.15	98.08	0.14
2019	11	2.13	98.08	0.14
2020	10	2.13	98.08	0.15
2021	10	2.13	97.60	0.16

Table 6a. Percentile Rank is how Sweden compares to other countries. Governance is the score the country gets ranging from -2.5 to +2.5.

Figure 6b1. Control of Corruption over 15 years (2007-2021). The trend is very consistent with slight increases and decreases in the data throughout the time period. Graph as a “time series comparison”.

Figure 6b2. Control of Corruption over 15 years (2007-2021). The trend is very consistent with some slight increases and decreases in the data. Graph as a “graph view”.

Rule of Law – Krista DeModna

Definition: Rule of law captures perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence. This table lists the individual variables from each data source used to construct this measure in the Worldwide Governance Indicators.

Year	Number of Sources	Governance (-2.5 to +2.5)	Percentile Rank	Standard Error
2007	11	1.89	98.09	0.16
2008	11	1.92	99.04	0.16
2009	11	1.96	99.53	0.16
2010	12	1.93	99.53	0.15
2011	13	1.92	99.06	0.14
2012	13	1.93	99.06	0.15
2013	13	1.95	99.06	0.15
2014	12	1.98	97.60	0.16
2015	12	2.02	99.04	0.16
2016	11	1.98	99.04	0.17
2017	11	1.85	99.08	0.16
2018	11	1.82	97.12	0.15
2019	11	1.82	96.63	0.16
2020	10	1.80	96.63	0.15
2021	10	1.73	94.71	0.16

Table 7a. Percentile Rank is how Sweden compares to other countries. Governance is the score the country gets ranging from -2.5 to +2.5

Figure 7b1. Rule of Law measured over 15 years (2007-2021). The trends are relatively consistent with a slight decrease in Governance over the last 5 years starting in 2018. Graph as a “time series conparison”.

Figure 7b2. Rule of Law measured over 15 years (2007-2021). The trends are relatovely consistent with a slight decrease in governance over the last 5 years starting in 2018. Graph as “graph view”.

Terrorism – Clare McCurley

Incidents Over Time

Target Type

Figure 8b. Target types and places that are normally targeted during a terrorist attack. This data is from the past 15 years (2007-2021).

Government Effectiveness- Clare McCurley

Government effectiveness captures perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government’s commitment to such policies.

	Country	Year	Number of Sources	Governance (-2.5 to +2.5)	Percentile Rank	Standard Error
Government Effectiveness	Sweden	2007	7	2.02	98.54	0.22
		2008	7	1.95	98.06	0.23
		2009	7	2.04	98.56	0.22
		2010	8	1.96	98.56	0.22
		2011	8	1.92	98.58	0.21
		2012	8	1.91	98.58	0.21
		2013	8	1.79	97.16	0.20
		2014	8	1.68	94.23	0.21
		2015	8	1.71	93.75	0.21
		2016	8	1.69	94.23	0.21
		2017	8	1.71	94.71	0.21
		2018	8	1.70	94.71	0.21
		2019	8	1.70	95.19	0.22
		2020	7	1.71	95.67	0.23

Table 9a. Government Effectiveness over the past 15 years (2007-2020). We see a very consistent trend in this data.